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JSU Manual of Style and Usage
Jacksonville State University
Manual of Style and Usage V 2.1 Effective March 2010 Send suggestions/comments to phobbs@jsu.edu.
The Division of Institutional Advancement presents the following style and usage guide as an aid for improving university publications and other official communication, electronic and print. The Manual is based on the fifteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style and contains more than a hundred of the most common mistakes found in university publications. It is arranged alphabetically for quick look-up by word (see ensure, for example) or area of concern (see capitalization). Style deals with preferences whether to use percent , per cent , or %, for example. Usage pertains to correct word choice, such as infer versus imply. Throughout the following document, italics are used for emphasis in examples. For further assistance, we recommend The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition) and the Chicago Manual, which are available through the University Bookstore. Also see bibliography. Aacronym/initialism Acronyms are pronounceable abbreviated words formed from the initial letters of other words and used at JSU without periods: WIT, ExSEL, CLEP. Initialisms are formed from the initial letters of the words they stand for but are not pronounced as a word: JSU, T/LC, SBDC . ABD An initialism that stands for all but dissertation. Used all caps, no periods. At JSU, avoid using ABD following a name as if it were a degree, which it is not. When needing to recognize a person's credentials, write John Doe is a PhD candidate rather than John Doe, ABD. A person who has ABD status is not referred to as Dr. academic degrees Capitalize the full proper names of academic degrees conferred by JSU and other higher education institutions. Do not capitalize the discipline or major, minor, concentration, or field of study except in the case of proper nouns. Examples: Bachelor of Science in chemistry, Bachelor of Arts in English. He has a Bachelor of Science in geography and a master's in French. Do not capitalize incomplete or shortened names of academic degrees. Examples: She has a master's in business administration. He has a bachelor's degree in geography. Use an apostrophe in bachelor's degree and master's degree.
academic and scholarly degrees, abbreviations of See appendix for a reference list of some of the most frequently used abbreviations in higher education. See the university's undergraduate Catalogue to look up faculty and their degrees. academic disciplines Do not capitalize generic phrases or terms for academic fields of study unless they function as proper nouns. Examples: He is a music major but has a strong interest in English and French. His sister, enrolled in the College of Arts and Sciences, is delving into history as part of her bachelor's degree program. Sam, formerly a business student, is now studying political science. academic titles and names Titles are job descriptions and are used lowercase when they stand alone: president, dean, director, vice president, professor, etc. Capitalize a title when it precedes a name or when the title and name appear in a table or list (as in a directory or program). A shortened title preceding a name is acceptable, although the full formal title is often more appropriate in formal writing. Examples: The university president will address the graduates. President William A. Meehan attended the meeting. Dr. Harvey Jackson, head of the history department, writes a weekly column. Vice President Rebecca O. Turner delivered the keynote address. Dr. Rebecca O. Turner, vice president, delivered the address. Vice President for Academic and Student Affairs Rebecca O. Turner spoke to sociology students. Note: Professor should not be used as a synonym for just anyone who teaches at a university or college; professor is a specific academic rank. To determine a faculty member's academic rank at JSU, consult the undergraduate Catalogue . Double-check for accuracy when stating a person's academic rank. In addition to professors, there are associate professors, assistant professors, adjunct instructors, instructors, etc . See professor. academic semester, terms, quarters JSU's academic year is based on the semester system; avoid quarter as a synonym for semester. A particular semester may be referred to as fall term, spring term, etc. The term that begins in January is the spring semester, not the winter semester. Lowercase reference to a specific semester unless it is used in a table, directory, or schedule. Examples: The fall semester begins on Monday. Enrollment grew during the fall 2003 semester. She received a degree during spring graduation. academic units/entities (including centers, chairs, colleges, departments, institutes, and offices) Capitalize the formal name of an academic unit. Lowercase partial or informal unit names except for words that are proper nouns. Examples: Jacksonville State University , the university. The Economic Development Center has done a fine job. The center projects a stronger economy. He was a member of the faculty of the David L. Walters Department of Music. The music department held a concert. The college published 20 books last year. advance registration Not advanced registration (no ed). Advance registration means early registration registration in advance of JSU's normal registration period. admissions/admission / admittance At JSU it is the Admissions Office. Example: Go to the Admissions Office for help with the admission process. Admittance should not be used as a synonym; admittance means physical entry to a room or other specific place. Example: Tickets were needed for admittance to the concert hall. advice/advise Advice is a noun meaning counsel or guidance; advise is a verb meaning to offer such guidance. adviser/advisor The preferred spelling is adviser; note the e . affect/effect Affect is most often used in the sense of influencing or changing: Drugs affect the nervous system. Effect means to bring about: The goal was to effect an outstanding recruiting plan. AL/Ala. In text, use traditional abbreviations, not the USPS format. Alabama is abbreviated Ala. The Postal Service abbreviation may be used in tabular data. alumni association Capitalized when used as a full proper noun: Jacksonville State University Alumni Association. Lowercase informal/incomplete references: The alumni association hosted a trip. Other examples: He is an active member of the Jacksonville State University Alumni Association. She is an active member of the alumni association. The alumni association's trip to New York was a success. alumni association board of governors Capitalize when used as a full proper noun: the Jacksonville State University Board of Governors . Lowercase incomplete references: the alumni board of governors. alumnus, alumni, alumna, alumnae, alum JSU uses alumnus to indicate a male graduate. Alumna (alumnae - plural) indicates a female graduate. Alum is colloquial for either a male or female graduate. Use alumni when referring to a group of male and female graduates. a.m./p.m. Use lowercase with periods or small caps without periods. Be consistent with usage. and Popular belief to the contrary, this conjunction usefully begins sentences, typically outperforming moreover, additionally, in addition, further, and furthermore. (Chicago, 200) and/or Avoid when possible. Example: A $25 fine or thirty days in jail or both. (Bernstein, 13) annual fund, capital campaign Capitalize specific names used as proper nouns: Jacksonville State University Capital Campaign or the JSU Capital Campaign. Lowercase capital campaign when it stands alone. Lowercase general descriptive phrases describing various fund-raising activities: The capital campaign was successful. Capitalize and use quotation marks with themes and the subtitles of themes that are based upon specific fund-raising drives or campaigns: The Power of 125 Join the Celebration! and The Power of 125 Join the Celebration: A Campaign for Jacksonville State University . Note: Shortened references to a campaign may be capitalized and quoted; take care to be consistent in use: The Power of 125 appendix, appendices, appendixes Both appendixes and appendices are correct plural forms of the word appendix, although the latter is preferred. army According to Chicago, words such as army and navy are lowercased when standing alone. (Chicago, 353) But note: Titles [proper names] of armies, navies, armies, navies, air forces, fleets, regiments, battalions, companies, corps, and so forth are capitalized. (Chicago, 353). Example: JSU students joined the army. JSU students join the United States Army. art, works of, titles of Italicize titles of paintings, drawings, statues, photographs and other works of art. Example: Larry K. Martin's Fighting Gamecock . articles, titles of, in magazines, journals and other publications Capitalize and enclose in quotation marks. Example: The professor's article Reconciling the Celt was based on extensive research. artist-in-residence Note hyphens. assure/ensure/insure Ensure is the general term meaning to make sure that something will (or won't) happen. In best usage, insure is reserved for underwriting financial risk. So we ensure that we can get time off for a vacation, and insure our car against an accident on the trip. We ensure events and insure things. But we assure people that their concerns are being addressed. (Chicago, 213) athletic (adj.), athletics (noun) An athletics director heads the program. Example: Athletics Director Jim Fuller. Confusion often arises when a writer does not have clearly in mind whether the noun form ( athletics ) is required as a modifier or the adjective form (athletic) is required. An athletic director is a director who is an athlete, regardless of what he or she directs. awards Names of awards and prizes are capitalized, but some generic terms used with the names are lowercased. (Chicago, 345) Examples: Alumna of the Year; Alumnus of the Year; Outstanding Faculty Award. Bbachelor of arts, bachelor of science Lowercased bachelor's degree is acceptable, as are BA and BS. Capitalize when used as a proper noun: Bachelor of Arts in English . battalion Capitalize when used with a figure to designate a name: 3rd Battalion. board of trustees Lowercase when using as a stand-alone: The board of trustees approved the measure. Capitalize when referring to the full proper noun, as in the Jacksonville State University Board of Trustees. Shortened forms should be lowercased. The board of trustees meeting. books, titles of Italicize titles and subtitles of books. Capitalize the principal words, including prepositions and conjunctions of four or more letters. Capitalize articles (a, an, the), or words of fewer than four letters if it is the first or last word in a title. buildings and spaces at JSU Capitalize the proper names of buildings on first reference, including the word building if it is an integral part of the formal name. Examples: The university has numerous buildings, including the Theron Montgomery Student Commons Building. Use the building's full formal name rather than abbreviation on first reference. It should be Theron Montgomery Student Commons Building in first reference; acceptable second reference is Montgomery Building or Student Commons Building . The initialism TMB is not preferred in text but acceptable in tables. Building names: Abercrombie Hall Note: Do not confuse halls, centers, buildings, houses. For example, it is McGee Hall, Anders Round House, etc.
but Popular belief to the contrary, this conjunction usefully begins contrasting sentences, typically better than however. (Chicago, 204) Ccapitalization, down style of JSU uses the down style, the parsimonious use of capitals (Chicago, 311). Although proper names are capitalized, many words derived from or associated with proper names (brussels sprouts, board of trustees), as well as the names of significant offices (presidency, papacy), may be lowercased with no loss of clarity of respect. (Chicago, 311) JSU also adheres to Chicago's recommendation regarding names versus generic terms: Many proper names combine a given name with a generic (or descriptive) term (Albion College, the Circuit Court of Lake County, President Bush). After the first mention, an official name is often replaced by the generic term alone, which (no longer strictly a proper name) may safely be lowercased. (Chicago, 311). When in doubt, please consult the 15th edition of Chicago. Examples of down style: Jacksonville State University is based in northeast Alabama . The university has about 9,000 students. Dr. Bill Meehan is president. The university is governed by a board of trustees. center around Use either center on or revolve around. chair, chairman JSU's academic departments are led by department heads, not chairs. civil titles Lowercase as a stand-alone; capitalize when preceding a person's name. Examples: the president; President George Bush; the congressman; Congressman Bud Cramer; the chief justice; Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist. compose, comprise According to the Wall Street Journal, compose means to create or put together : the US is composed of 50 states . Comprise means to contain, to include all or embrace. Use it only in the active voice followed by a direct object: The US comprises 50 states. (Martin, 51-52.) contractions Contractions are recommended for all but the most formal publications, such as the undergraduate Catalogue, and are helpful in conveying warmth and a conversational style. We suggest avoiding one form: he'd, we'd, etc., because he'd can mean both he had and he would, and the reader would need to get well into the text before learning which meaning it is. courtesy titles Courtesy/social titles are optional. Social titles may be omitted with no disrespect. Remain consistent throughout a publication. JSU recommends using full name without a courtesy title on first reference and courtesy titles with later references. Try to determine how a woman prefers to be addressed, particularly when using Ms. In cases where a person's gender is not clear from the first name or context, use he or she in subsequent reference.
Ddates In text, avoid the all-numeral style of writing dates (10/10/52 , etc). JSU prefers the following format in text: day, month, year (13 August 2004) without punctuation. When the day is unimportant, use the month and year without punctuation: August 2004. A range of days man be written as follows: 13-18 August 2004; 1 July 2004 1 August 2004 . degrees, academic Do not use periods in PhD, BS, MBA, etc. According to Chicago, The trend now is strongly away from the use of periods with all kinds of abbreviations that have carried them in the past. In the [University of Chicago] Press's view this is to the good: anything that reduces the fussiness of typography makes for easier reading. Capitalize full degree names when used as proper nouns; lowercase shortened uses: Bachelor of Science , but bachelor's in science or bachelor's degree. Use an apostrophe in bachelor's degree and master's degree . departments and programs Full formal names of JSU departments and programs are capitalized: Department of Music, Department of Art. Second references or shortened versions are lowercased: biology program . dilemma Avoid using as a synonym for problem; a dilemma implies a choice between two unattractive alternatives. directions Compass points and terms derived from them are lowercased when they indicate direction or location: JSU is in northeast Alabama. disabilities Write people with disabilities, not the disabled or disabled people. disk/disc Use disk when referring to a floppy disk. Disc is preferred in reference to compact disc. dos and don'ts Not do's and don't's. Ee-mail Hyphenate in all instances. May be used as a verb: The director e-mailed an announcement. In headlines, capitalize the m: E-Mail Service Upgraded. ensure/insure/assure Ensure is the general term meaning to make sure that something will (or won't) happen. In best usage, insure is reserved for underwriting financial risk. So we ensure that we can get time off for a vacation, and insure our car against an accident on the trip. We ensure events and insure things. But we assure people that their concerns are being addressed. (Chicago, 213) events Capitalize the full name of events, including sporting events. Preview Day. Homecoming. Career Day. Ffarther/further Farther is a physical distance; further is a figurative distance, as in, We'll look into it further. faculty Can be used as singular or plural. Both faculty members and faculty are correct, but take care to be consistent. The English faculty met at the Alumni House. Some faculty members write books. fax Refers to facsimile transmission. The shortened fax is preferred. The plural is faxes. FAX is incorrect, as the word is not an acronym. fort — Do not abbreviate the word fort when it is used as part of a proper name. It is Fort Payne, not Ft. Payne. french fries Not capitalized. fund raising (n.), fund-raising (adj.), fund-raiser (n.) Fund raising is difficult, so they hired a fund-raiser to plan a fund-raising campaign. (Martin, 99) Ggrade-point average Note the hyphen. May be abbreviated to GPA for multiple references or if the context allows for clear meaning. grades, scholastic Letters used to denote grades are capitalized and are not italicized. Do not use quotation marks or an apostrophe with plural forms. Examples: John made all As. John received an A for the composition. graduate, graduate from Universities graduate students, but students graduate from universities. Hheadline style The following guidelines apply to headlines in JSU publications such as Gem of the Hills, the Viewbook, and annual reports. (1) Always capitalize the first and last words both in titles and in subtitles and all other major words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and some conjunctions but see rule 4. (2) Lowercase the articles the, a, and an. (3) Lowercase prepositions, regardless of length, except when they are stressed (through in A River Runs Through It), are used adverbially or adjectivally (up in Look Up, down in Turn Down, on in The On Button, etc.) are used in conjunctions (before in Look Before You Leap, etc.), or are part of a Latin expression used adjectivally or adverbially (De Facto, In Vitro, etc.). (4) Lowercase the conjunctions and, but, for, or, nor. (5) Lowercase the words to and as in any grammatical function, for simplicity's sake. (6) Lowercase the second part of a species name, as us lucius in Esox lucius, or the part of a proper name that would be lowercased in text, such as de or von . (Chicago, 366-367) honorary degrees The honorary title Dr. is usually omitted. However, when it is necessary to use Dr. in certain cases, make it clear that the degree is honorary. Example: Dr. John Doe, who holds the honorary LLD. Dr. John Doe, who holds an honorary doctorate from JSU, spoke Thursday. See academic degrees and courtesy titles. IID Capitalize. No apostrophe when writing the plural: IDs . imply/infer The writer or speaker implies (hints, suggests); the reader or listener infers (deduces). (Chicago, 218) impact Avoid using as a verb unless in a physical context. Chicago suggests, Try affect or influence instead. Besides being hyperbolic, impact is widely considered a solecism [irregularity in speech or diction]. (Chicago, 218) insure/ensure/assure Ensure is the general term meaning to make sure that something will (or won't) happen. In best usage, insure is reserved for underwriting financial risk. So we ensure that we can get time off for a vacation, and insure our car against an accident on the trip. We ensure events and insure things. But we assure people that their concerns are being addressed. (Chicago, 213) Internet Capitalize in all cases. Jjournals, journal articles The name of a journal should be italicized. Journal articles are put in quotation marks. KKorean War Korean War, not Korean conflict. Llecture titles Capitalized and set within quotation marks; not italicized. legal citations, versus in In legal citations, the abbreviation v. should be used rather than vs. Italicize legal citations. Example: Roe v. Wade . Versus may be shortened to vs. in sports stories but the preferred style is to spell it out. Mmagazine titles Italicized. Capitalize the word magazine only if it is part of the formal name. majors, minors and concentrations The names of majors, minors, concentrations, areas, and fields of study should be lowercased, unless the word is a proper name. The formal degree name should be capitalized. Example: She received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in foreign language and a minor in English. Marching Ballerinas The correct name of the JSU dance line that performs with the Southerners is the Marching Ballerinas. The Marching Ballerinas are referred to as a dance line, kick line, or dancers but never as a squad, team, or group. media, mediums In scientific contexts and in reference to mass communications, the plural of medium is media . But if medium refers to a spiritualist, the plural is mediums . (Chicago, 221-222) McClellan McClellan is the official name of a community located on a former army base in Anniston called Fort McClellan. When fact-checking, please keep in mind that a small portion of the old base is still called Fort McClellan; approximately 300 acres was set aside for the Fort McClellan Army National Guard Training Center. movie titles Italicized. Mr., Mrs., Ms. Courtesy/social titles are optional. Social titles may be omitted with no disrespect. Remain consistent throughout a publication. JSU recommends using full name without a courtesy title on first reference and courtesy titles with later references. Try to determine how a woman prefers to be addressed, particularly when using Ms. In cases where a person's gender is not clear from the first name or context, use he or she in subsequent reference. music compositions, titles of Italicize plays, musicals, operas, and similar long compositions. Capitalize and set within quotation marks the titles of arias, choruses, dances, ensembles, songs and similar short compositions . Examples: Messiah, an oratorio; You Can't Take it With You, a play; West Side Story , a musical; Signor Deluso, an opera; Maria, a song; Hallelujah Chorus, a short composition. Nnewspaper names Italicize the proper name except for the, even if the is part of the formal name. If necessary to identify the state or other location, use parentheses. Example: the Birmingham News, Birmingham Post-Herald, the Wall Street Journal, the Anniston (Ala.) Star. Second references may be shortened: the Star, the News. numerals Spell out the following: whole numbers from one through one hundred, round numbers, and any number beginning a sentence. For other numbers, numerals are used. (Chicago, 380) Numerous exceptions exist please consult the 15th edition. Ooffice of, office Capitalize only when office is part of the formal name of an organization, unit, subunit or agency; lowercase second references when the word stands alone. Examples: Office of Graduate Studies, president's office, the Office of the President. online/offline Used as one word in all cases, not as on-line/off-line. over Use more than when referring to a number. Example: More than 9,000 students attend JSU. Ppamphlets, reports Titles of pamphlets, corporate or institutional reports, brochures, and other freestanding publications are treated as book titles: italicize. Examples: The university's 2003-2004 Annual Report; the university's Viewbook . paintings, titles of Italicize. papers, titles of unpublished Titles of unpublished works theses, dissertations, manuscripts in collections, printouts of speeches, and so on are set in roman type, capitalized as titles, and enclosed in quotation marks. (Chicago, 374) JSU extends this to unpublished studies, internal documents, etc. percent Use instead of per cent. The percent symbol (%) is used in tables. periodicals, titles of Periodicals such as newspapers, newsletters, journals, magazines, and similar publications should be italicized. Words such as magazine and journal should be italicized only if they are included in the formal publication name. PhD No periods. No apostrophe is used in the plural form. Examples: There were several PhDs on the faculty. John Smith, PhD. plays, titles of Italicize. poems, titles of Italicize. possessives Add an apostrophe and omit the possessive s on all words ending in s . Example: Dylan Thomas' poetry, Maria Callas' singing. possessive versus attributive forms Although terms such as employees' cafeteria sometimes appear without an apostrophe, Chicago dispenses with the apostrophe only in proper names (often corporate names) or where there is clearly no possessive meaning. (Chicago, 285) Examples: A consumers' group; taxpayers' associations; children's rights; the women's team, a boys' club . But note: Publishers Weekly, Diners Club, Department of Veterans Affairs, a housewares sale. Prepositions, ending a sentence with The traditional caveat of yesteryear against ending sentences with prepositions is, for most writers, an unnecessary and pedantic restriction. As Winston Churchill famously said, 'That is the type of arrant pedantry up with which I shall not put.' A sentence that ends in a preposition may sound more natural than a sentence carefully constructed to avoid a final preposition. Compare Those are the guidelines an author should adhere to with Those are the guidelines to which an author should adhere. The rule' prohibiting terminal prepositions was an ill-founded superstition. (Chicago, 188-189) professional designations Do not use periods with abbreviated professional designations such as CPA. Do not capitalize such credentials when spelled out. Examples: Sue Jones, CPA. Sue Jones, a certified public accountant. There was a meeting of certified fund raisers. professorships, named Capitalize these titles in all instances, before or after a name and when standing alone. Example: Mark Edmundson is the Daniels Family Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University of Virginia. publication titles, capitalization Principal words should be capitalized. Articles, prepositions, and conjunctions should be written lowercase unless used as first or last word in the title. Qquad, quadrangle Lowercase. At JSU the word describes a location; it is not used as a proper noun. quotation marks, enclosing periods and commas Periods and commas precede closing quotation marks, whether double or single. This is a traditional style . As nicely expressed in William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White's Elements of Style, Typographical usage dictates that the comma be inside the [quotation] marks, though logically it often seems not to belong there.' The same goes for the period. (Chicago, 242) quotations When quoting someone in an article, follow the Associated Press rule-of-thumb: Never alter quotations even to correct minor grammatical errors or word usage. Casual minor tongue slips may be removed by using ellipses but even that should be done with extreme caution. If there is a question about a quote, either don't use it or ask the speaker to clarify. Do not routinely use abnormal spellings such as gonna in attempts to convey regional dialects or mispronunciations. Such spellings are appropriate when relevant or help to convey a desired touch in a feature. (Goldstein, 212) quotes, full versus partial In general, avoid fragmentary quotes. If a speaker's words are clear and concise, favor the full quote. If cumbersome language can be paraphrased fairly, use an indirect construction, reserving quotation marks for sensitive or controversial passages that must be identified specifically as coming from the speaker. (Goldstein, 212-213) quotes, retaining context Remember that you can misquote someone by giving a startling remark without its modifying passage or qualifiers. The manner of delivery sometimes is part of the context. Reporting a smile or a gesture may be as important as conveying the words themselves. (Goldstein, 213) Rreason why Although some object to the supposed redundancy of this phrase, it is centuries old and perfectly acceptable English. And reason that is not always an adequate substitute. (Chicago, 227) Sscare quotes Quotation marks used to ...alert readers that a term is used in a nonstandard, ironic, or other special sense. Nicknamed scare quotes,' they imply, This is not my term' or This is not how the term is usually applied.' Like any such device, scare quotes lose their force and irritate readers if overused. (Chicago, 293) Example: Don't diss the work ethic. school JSU is made up of academic departments, not schools. Exception: the Auctioneering School, which is a program of the Department of Continuing Education. Also note: It is the College of Nursing, not the school of nursing. Never refer to Jacksonville State University as a school. semester Do not capitalize academic semesters except in directories, tabular data, etc. Example: He enrolled for fall semester 2004. seminar titles Capitalize; do not italicize or set in quotes. Southerners The correct title of JSU's band is the Southerners. Do not use Marching Southerners. See: Marching Ballerinas. space, in text Allow only one space between sentences. staff, singular and plural The personnel at JSU are referred to as staff, both in the singular and the plural. Examples: The support staff of the university. John is on our staff. John is a member of our office staff. state abbreviations Use the traditional abbreviations, not the two-letter USPS format. Examples: Ala., Mo., Tenn., Ga. student groups Capitalize formal names of organized groups of students and student classes, but lowercase student classifications. Examples: The International Student Organization, the Math Club, Student Government Association, freshman class, class of 2003, freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, graduate, undergraduate. smbols In text, spell out percent, degrees (temperature), feet, inches, and cents. In tables it is acceptable to use symbols (%, °, , , ¢). TT-shirt Not tee-shirt, etc. television programs, titles of Italicize. theses, titles of Use quotation marks. trustee Trustee is used lowercase as a stand-alone word. Capitalize when used before a name as a proper title. Examples: Trustee John Doe. John Doe, trustee. The trustee had a long drive . See: board of trustees. Uunder way In most cases, use the two words: The project is under way. The naval maneuvers are under way. It is one word only when used as an adjective before a noun in a nautical sense: an underway flotilla. (Martin, 235) university Lowercase as a stand-alone word, even when referring to JSU. Examples: Mrs. Jones works at Jacksonville State University. Mrs. Jones works in the business office at the university. Sam attends the university each summer. universitywide Avoid university-wide. Vviewbook A publication given to prospective college students. When used as a title, the word should be used in caps and italicized. Example: High school students receive copies of JSU's annual Viewbook. vita/vitae A condensed biography. The term vita is preferred to the longer curriculum vitae. The plural form is vitae. voice-mail Voice-mail, with hyphen, in all cases. WWeb Always capitalized when referring to World Wide Web. whether Generally, use whether alone not with the words or not tacked on (they didn't know whether to go). The or not is necessary only when you mean to convey the idea of regardless of whether' (we'll finish on time whether or not it rains ). Whether is sometimes replaced by if in informal usage (we didn't know if we would finish); in more formal usage, whether is preferred. (Chicago, 231-232) workshop, title of Capitalize. XXerox A trademarked name; never a verb. Do not use as a generic term meaning to photocopy; write photocopy instead. Yyearlong Use as a closed compound word. year-round Always hyphenate. Zzero, zeros
AppendixDegrees: A.A., Associate of Arts BibliographyBernstein, Theodore M. Watch Your Language . New York : Channel Press, 1958. Chicago, University of. The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition . Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2003. Gay, Robert Malcolm. Words Into Type, Third Edition . Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall, 1974. Goldstein, Norm, ed. Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law with Internet Guide and Glossary . New York : The Associated Press, 2003. Martin, Paul R., ed. The Wall Street Journal Essential Guide to Business Style and Usage . New York : Wall Street Journal Books, 2003. Siegal, Allan M. and William G. Connolly, eds. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage . Revised and expanded ed. New York : Three Rivers Press, 1999. Zinsser, William. On Writing Well . New York : Harper & Row, 1980. |
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